String to Integer (atoi)

**Problem Statement:** Given the required input arguments, write an efficient algorithm to solve the **String to Integer (atoi)** problem. Implement the required logic as specified by standard definitions for this classic algorithmic challenge. **Hint / Expected Approach:** Handle whitespace, sign, overflow, invalid chars **Edge Cases to Consider:** - (1) Leading whitespace - (2) INT_MAX+1 overflow - (3) No digits after sign

Examples

Example 1

Input: "42"

Output: 42

Explanation: Simple

Example 2

Input: " -42"

Output: -42

Explanation: Leading spaces, negative

Example 3

Input: "4193 with words"

Output: 4193

Explanation: Stop at non-digit

Constraints

▪1 <= s.length <= 10^4
▪s consists of printable ASCII characters
▪Solve with optimal space complexity

Watch Out For Edge Cases

▪Leading whitespace
▪INT_MAX+1 overflow
▪No digits after sign

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